1902年诺贝尔医学奖——罗纳德·罗斯——发现蚊子传播疟疾的途径( 二 ) _健康小知识

症状通常在被受感染的蚊子叮咬后十到十五天开始出现。疟疾引起的症状通常有发烧、疲倦、呕吐和头痛。严重的情况下，它会导致黄疸、癫痫、昏迷，甚至死亡。如果治疗不当，人们可能会在数月后复发。在那些最近从感染中幸存下来的人，再感染引起的症状较轻。如果该患者没有持续接触疟疾，这种部分抵抗力会在数月至数年内消失。

文章图片
Englishversion：
ThesecondNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1902wasawardedtotheBritishphysicianRonaldRossforhisdiscoveryofthewaymosquitoestransmitmalaria.
RonaldRosswasborninAlmora,India,theeldestoftenchildrenofBritishIndianArmyGeneralSirCampbellRoss.Attheageofeight,hewassentbacktoEnglandtolivewithhisauntanduncleontheIsleofWight,wherehecompletedhisstudies.RonaldRosswasinterestedinart,buthisfatherstillletRosschoosemedicine.Duetolackofinterestinmedicine,itisnotverygoodatthemedicalstudentstage.
Aftergraduation,RosswenttoworkinIndiaonawarshiponSeptember22,1881.In1883,hewassenttoBengaluruasanactinggarrisonsurgeon,duringwhichtimehenoticedthepossibilityofcontrollingmosquitopopulationsbyrestrictingtheiraccesstowater.
InMarch1894,hereturnedtoLondonwithhisfamilyonvacationandmetSirPatrickManson.MansonintroducedhimtotherealproblemsinmalariaresearchandwasconvincedthatIndiawasthebestplacetostudymalaria.
RossreturnedtoIndiaonMarch20,1895,toformallybeginhisresearchonmalaria.Beforehisluggageclearedcustoms,heheadedstraighttotheMumbaiCivilHospitaltolookformalariapatientsandstartmakingbloodfilms.
InMay1895,RossobservedtheearlystagesofPlasmodiuminthestomachofmosquitoes,animportantstepinthediscoverythatmosquitoestransmitmalaria.However,hisenthusiasmandplanswereinterruptedwhenhewasdispatchedtoBangaloretoinvestigatecholera.
InJuly1897,Rossmanagedtogrow20adult"brown"mosquitoesfromthelarvaehecollected,andhadthemsuccessfullysuckthebloodofmalariapatients,beforedissectingthemosquitoes.
OnAugust20,1897,heconfirmedthepresenceofPlasmodiuminthemosquitogut,whichheinitiallyidentifiedas"SpottedWing"(whichlaterturnedouttobeaspeciesofAnopheles).OnAugust21,heconfirmedthegrowthofPlasmodiuminmosquitoes.ThediscoverywaspublishedintheIndianMedicalBulletinonAugust27,1897,andintheBritishMedicalJournalinDecember.
InSeptember1897,Rosswastransferredtoworkinamalaria-freelocation,sohisresearchwasdiscontinued.
【1902年诺贝尔医学奖——罗纳德·罗斯——发现蚊子传播疟疾的途径】OnFebruary17,1898,RossarrivedinCalcuttatoworkatthePresidentialGeneralHospital.Rossimmediatelybeganresearchonmalariaandvisceralleishmaniasis,alsoknownaskala-azar.Butfollow-upstudieswereunsuccessfulbecausepatientswerealwaysgiventhedrugrightaway.Mansonlaterpersuadedhimtousebirdsasresearchmodels.
Finallyidentifyingtheinfectedsparrowasasuitablemodelforthestudy,byJuly1898RosshadidentifiedtheimportanceoftheCulexmosquitoasanintermediatehostforavianmalaria.OnJuly4,hediscoveredthatthesalivaryglandsserveasstoragesitesforthemalariaparasiteinmosquitoes.OnJuly8,hewasconvincedthattheparasitewasreleasedfromthesalivaryglandswhenitbitpeople.HelaterdemonstratedtheentireprocessofPlasmodiumtransmission,inwhichmosquitoestransmittheparasitefrominfectedsparrowstohealthysparrows.
RonaldRoss,whowontheNobelPrizeforhisdiscoveryofthelifecycleoftheavianmalariaparasite,establishedhisconceptofmalariatransmissionnotinhumans,butinbirds.Rosswasthefirsttoshowthatthemalariaparasitewastransmittedbythebiteofaninfectedmosquito,inhiscasePlasmodiumfowl.In1897,ItalianphysicianandzoologistGiovanniGrassiandhiscolleaguesdeterminedthedevelopmentalstagesofPlasmodiumintheAnophelesmosquito;fulllifecycle.
Whenconsideringthe1902NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine,theNobelcommitteeoriginallyintendedthattheprizebesharedbyRossandGrassi,butRossaccusedGrassiofdeliberatefraud,andRossendedupwiththeprizealone.
Nowweallunderstandthetransmissionrouteofmalaria,whichiscausedbythesingle-celledmicroorganismsofthePlasmodiumgroup.ItistransmittedthroughthebiteofaninfectedAnophelesmosquito,whichintroducestheparasiteinitssalivaintoaperson'sbloodstream,causinginfectioninhumans.Plasmodiumcirculatesthroughthebloodstreamtotheliverwhereitmaturesandreproduces.